regarding SAP R/3

[Former Member]

hiii to all

can any suggest 3tier architecture with real time application (R/3) how exactly it works or what exactly the concept is?

thanks in advance

bhabani

[Former Member]

Hi,

Any 3 - tier archintecture works on the following concept:

Purpose and Origin

The three tier software architecture (a.k.a. three layer architectures) emerged in the 1990s to overcome the limitations of the two tier architecture (see Two Tier Software Architectures). The third tier (middle tier server) is between the user interface (client) and the data management (server) components. This middle tier provides process management where business logic and rules are executed and can accommodate hundreds of users (as compared to only 100 users with the two tier architecture) by providing functions such as queuing, application execution, and database staging. The three tier architecture is used when an effective distributed client/server design is needed that provides (when compared to the two tier) increased performance, flexibility, maintainability, reusability, and scalability, while hiding the complexity of distributed processing from the user. For detailed information on three tier architectures see Schussel and Eckerson. Schussel provides a graphical history of the evolution of client/server architectures [Schussel 96, Eckerson 95].

The three tier architecture is used when an effective distributed client/server design is needed that provides (when compared to the two tier) increased performance, flexibility, maintainability, reusability, and scalability, while hiding the complexity of distributed processing from the user. These characteristics have made three layer architectures a popular choice for Internet applications and net-centric information systems.

Three Tier Software Architectures

<b>Technical Detail</b>

A three tier distributed client/server architecture (as shown in Figure 28) includes a user system interface top tier where user services (such as session, text input, dialog, and display management) reside.

The third tier provides database management functionality and is dedicated to data and file services that can be optimized without using any proprietary database management system languages. The data management component ensures that the data is consistent throughout the distributed environment through the use of features such as data locking, consistency, and replication. It should be noted that connectivity between tiers can be dynamically changed depending upon the user's request for data and services.

The middle tier provides process management services (such as process development, process enactment, process monitoring, and process resourcing) that are shared by multiple applications.

The middle tier server (also referred to as the application server) improves performance, flexibility, maintainability, reusability, and scalability by centralizing process logic. Centralized process logic makes administration and change management easier by localizing system functionality so that changes must only be written once and placed on the middle tier server to be available throughout the systems. With other architectural designs, a change to a function (service) would need to be written into every application [Eckerson 95].

In addition, the middle process management tier controls transactions and asynchronous queuing to ensure reliable completion of transactions [Schussel 96]. The middle tier manages distributed database integrity by the two phase commit process (see Database Two Phase Commit). It provides access to resources based on names instead of locations, and thereby improves scalability and flexibility as system components are added or moved [Edelstein 95].

Sometimes, the middle tier is divided in two or more unit with different functions, in these cases the architecture is often referred as multi layer. This is the case, for example, of some Internet applications. These applications typically have light clients written in HTML and application servers written in C++ or Java, the gap between these two layers is too big to link them together. Instead, there is an intermediate layer (web server) implemented in a scripting language. This layer receives requests from the Internet clients and generates html using the services provided by the business layer. This additional layer provides further isolation between the application layout and the application logic.

It should be noted that recently, mainframes have been combined as servers in distributed architectures to provide massive storage and improve security (see Distributed/Collaborative Enterprise Architectures).

<b>SAP Role in 3 tier Architecture</b>

[edit] Technology

SAP R/3 is a client/server based application, utilizing a 3-tiered model. A presentation layer, or client, interfaces with the user. The application layer houses all the business-specific logic, and the database layer records and stores all the information about the system, including transactional and configuration data.

SAP R/3 functionality is structured using its own proprietary language called ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming). ABAP, or ABAP/4 is a fourth generation language (4GL), geared towards the creation of simple, yet powerful programs. R/3 also offers a complete development environment where developers can either modify existing SAP code to modify existing functionality or develop their own functions, whether reports or complete transactional systems within the SAP framework.

ABAP's main interaction with the database system is via Open SQL statements. These statements allow a developer to query, update, or delete information from the database. Advanced topics include GUI development and advanced integration with other systems. With the introduction of ABAP Objects, ABAP provides the opportunity to develop applications with object-oriented programming.

The most difficult part of SAP R/3 is its implementation. Simply because SAP R/3 is never used the same way in any two places. For instance, Atlas Copco can have a different implementation of SAP R/3 from Procter & Gamble and so forth. Two primary issues are the root of the complexity and of the differences:

Customization configuration - Within R/3, there are tens of thousands of database tables that may be used to control how the application behaves. For instance, each company will have its own accounting "Chart of Accounts" which reflects how its transactions flow together to represent its activity. That will be specific to a given company. In general, the behavior (and appearance) of virtually every screen and transaction is controlled by configuration tables. This gives the implementor great power to make the application behave differently for different environments. With that power comes considerable complexity.

Extensions, Bolt-Ons - In any company, there will be a need to develop interface programs to communicate with other corporate information systems. This generally involves developing ABAP/4 code, and considerable "systems integration" effort to either determine what data is to be drawn out of R/3 or to interface into R/3 to load data into the system.

Due to the complexity of implementation, these companies recruit highly skilled SAP consultants to do the job. The implementation must consider the company's needs and resources. Some companies implement only a few modules of SAP while others may want numerous modules.

SAP has several layers. The Basis System (BC) includes the ABAP programming language, and is the heart (i.e. the base) of operations and should not be visible to higher level or managerial users. Other customizing and implementation tools exist also. The heart of the system (from a manager's viewpoint) are the application modules.

Look at the following links:

https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/go/portal/prtroot/docs/library/uuid/90a744a3-55d9-2910-96b9-8a1513fe...

<u><b>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP_R/3</b></u>

Thanks,

Samantak.

<b>Rewards points for useful answers.</b>

[Former Member]

hiiii

can u tell me why this real time word is there and how it works in real time?

[Former Member]

Many people try for placements with fake experience. While they are being trained the words like "Real Time" are used to tell them what is done practically .

SAP R/3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

SAP based the architecture of R/3 on a three-tier client/server model. Presentation ServerApplication ServerDatabase Server
Presentation ServerThe presentation server is actually a program named sapgui.exe. It is usually installed on a user's workstation. To start it, the user double-clicks on an icon on the desktop or chooses a menu path. When started, the presentation server displays the R/3 menus within a window. This window is commonly known as the SAPGUI, or the user interface (or simply, the interface). The interface accepts input from the user in the form of keystrokes, mouse-clicks, and function keys, and sends these requests to the application server to be processed. The application server sends the results back to the SAPGUI which then formats the output for display to the user. Application ServerAn application server is a set of executables that collectively interpret the ABAP/4 programs and manage the input and output for them. When an application server is started, these executables all start at the same time. When an application server is stopped, they all shut down together. The number of processes that start up when you bring up the application server is defined in a single configuration file called the application server profile. Each application server has a profile that specifies its characteristics when it starts up and while it is running. For example, an application sever profile specifies: · Number of processes and their types · Amount of memory each process may use · Length of time a user is inactive before being automatically logged off The application server exists to interpret ABAP/4 programs, and they only run there-the programs do not run on the presentation server. An ABAP/4 program can start an executable on the presentation server, but an ABAP/4 program cannot execute there. If your ABAP/4 program requests information from the database, the application server will format the request and send it to the database server. Discovering the Database ServerThe database server is a set of executables that accept database requests from the application server. These requests are passed on to the RDBMS (Relation Database Management System). The RDBMS sends the data back to the database server, which then passes the information back to the application server. The application server in turn passes that information to your ABAP/4 program. There is usually a separate computer dedicated to house the database server, and the RDBMS may run on that computer also, or may be installed on its own computer. Configuring the ServersIn a three-tier client/server configuration, the presentation servers, applications servers, and database server all run on separate machines. This is the most common configuration for large systems, and is common in production. In the distribution presentation configuration, the application and database servers are combined on one computer and the presentation servers run separately. This is used for smaller systems, and is often seen on a development system. In the two-tier client/server configuration, the presentation and application servers are combined and the database server is separate. This configuration is used in conjunction with other application servers. It is used for a batch server when the batch is segregated from the online servers. A SAPGUI is installed on it to provide local control. When all servers are combined onto a single machine, you have a central configuration. This is rarely seen because it describes a standalone R/3 system with only a single user. Defining an R/3 SystemThe simplest definition of an R/3 system is "one database." In one R/3 system, there is only one database. To expand the definition, R/3 is considered to be all of the components attached to that one database. One R/3 system is composed of one database server accessing a single database, one or more application servers, and one or more presentation servers. By definition, it is all of the components attached to one database. If you have one database, you have one system. If you have one system, you have one database. During an implementation, there is usually one system (or one database) assigned to development, one or more systems designated for testing, and one assigned to production. The term R/3 system landscape denotes a description of the number of systems within an SAP installation and how they are designated, such as development, test, or production. Defining an R/3 InstanceWhen you hear someone say the word instance, most of the time, that person will be referring to an application server. The term instance is synonymous with application server. The term central instance refers to the database server. If an application server and database server both reside on the same machine, the term central instance refers to the computer on which both reside. In the most general terms, an instance is a server. It is a set of R/3 processes providing services to the R/3 system. Application Server ArchitectureAll requests that come in from presentation servers are directed first to the dispatcher. The dispatcher writes them first to the dispatcher queue. The dispatcher pulls the requests from the queue on a first-in, first-out basis. Each request is then allocated to the first available work process. A work process handles one request at a time. To perform any processing for a user's request, a work process needs to address two special memory areas: the user context and the program roll area. The user context is a memory area that contains information about the user, and the roll area is a memory area that contains information about the programs execution. Understanding a User ContextA user context is memory that is allocated to contain the characteristics of a user that is logged on the R/3 system. It holds information needed by R/3 about the user, such as: · The user's current settings · The user's authorizations · The names of the programs the user is currently running When a user logs on, a user context is allocated for that logon. When they log off, it is freed. It is used during program processing, and its importance is described further in the following sections. Understanding a Roll AreaA roll area is memory that is allocated by a work process for an instance of a program. It holds information needed by R/3 about the program's execution, such as: · The values of the variables · The dynamic memory allocations · The current program pointer Each time a user starts a program, a roll area is created for that instance of the program. If two users run the same program at the same time, two roll areas will exist-one for each user. The roll area is freed when the program ends. NOTE
When speaking to a Basis consultant, you might hear the term roll area used to refer to all roll areas for one user or even all roll areas on one application server. You usually can determine the intended meaning from the context in which it is used.
Both the roll area and the user context play an important part in dialog step processing. Understanding a Dialog Step NOTE
A dialog step is used by Basis consultants as the unit of measure for system response time.


A dialog step is the processing needed to get from one screen to the next. It includes all processing that occurs after the user issues a request, up to and including the processing needed to display the next screen. For example, when the user clicks the Enter key on the Change Vendor: Initial Screen, he initiates a dialog step and the hourglass appears, preventing further input. The sapmf02k program retrieves the vendor information and displays it on the Change Vendor: Address screen, and the hourglass disappears. This marks the end of the dialog step and the user is now able to make another request. There are four ways the user can initiate a dialog step. From the SAPGUI: · Press Enter. · Press a function key. · Click on a button on the screen. · Choose a menu item. It is important for an ABAP/4 programmer to know about dialog steps because they form a discrete unit of processing for an ABAP/4 program. Understanding Roll-In/Roll-Out ProcessingAn ABAP/4 program only occupies a work process for one dialog step. At the beginning of the dialog step, the roll area and user context are rolled in to the work process. At the end of the dialog step, they are rolled out. During the roll-in, pointers to the roll area and user context are populated in the work process. This enables the work process to access the data in those areas and so perform processing for that user and that program. Processing continues until the program sends a screen to the user. At that time, both areas are rolled out. Roll-out invalidates the pointers and disassociates these areas from the work process. That work process is now free to perform processing for other requests. The program is now only occupying memory, and not consuming any CPU. The user is looking at the screen that was sent, and will soon send another request. When the next request is sent from the user to continue processing, the dispatcher allocates that request to the first available work process. It can be the same or a different work process. The user context and roll area for that program are again rolled in to the work process, and processing resumes from the point at which it was left off. Processing continues until the next screen is shown, or until the program terminates. If another screen is sent, the areas are again rolled out. When the program terminates, the roll area is freed. The user context remains allocated until the user logs off. In a system with many users running many programs, only a few of those programs will be active in work processes at any one time. When they are not occupying a work process, they are rolled out to extended memory and only occupy RAM. This conserves CPU and enables the R/3 system to achieve high transaction throughput. NOTE
ABAP/4 programs do not have the capability to intercept many common Windows events. The events that generate a lot of messages such as key presses, focus changes, and mouse movements are not passed to ABAP/4 programs. As a result, there is no way of performing some of the functions that are found in other Windows programs. For example, in ABAP/4, you cannot validate the contents of a field when the user presses the Tab key. You must instead wait until the user initiates a dialog step.
Discovering How the Data Is Sent to the Presentation Server The messages exchanged between the presentation server and the application server are in an SAP proprietary format. The SAPGUI accepts the screen information sent from the application server and formats it appropriately for the platform it is running on. This enables different end-user hardware platforms to connect to a single application server. For example, an OS/2 PC and a Windows PC can both connect to the same application server at the same time. Understanding the Components of a Work ProcessEach work process is composed of the following: · A task handler · An ABAP/4 interpreter · A screen interpreter · A database interface All requests pass through the task handler, which then funnels the request to the appropriate part of the work process. The interpreters interpret the ABAP/4 code. Notice that there are two interpreters: the ABAP/4 interpreter and the screen interpreter. There are actually two dialects of ABAP/4. One is the full-blown ABAP/4 data processing language and the other is a very specialized screen processing language. Each is processed by its own interpreter. The database interface handles the job of communicating with the database. Understanding the Types of Work ProcessesThere are seven types of work processes. Each handles a specific type of request. The type of work processes and the types of requests that they handle are shown in Table 1.2.Table 1.2 Types of Work Processes and the Types of Requests they Handle WP Type Request Type
D (Dialog) Dialog requests
V (Update) Requests to update data in the database
B (Background) Background jobs
S (Spool) Print spool requests
E (Enqueue) Logical lock requests
M (Message) Routes messages between application servers within an R/3 system
G (Gateway) Funnels messages into and out of the R/3 system
Understanding the Logon ClientThe term logon client has nothing to do with Client/Server-it is completely different. The number entered here by the user corresponds to a set of rows within each client-dependent table within the database. Understanding Client-Dependent and Client-Independent Tables There are two types of tables in an R/3 database: client-dependent and client-independent. A table is client-dependent if the first field is of type CLNT. The length will always be 3, and by convention, this field is always named mandt. If the first field is not of type CLNT, the table is client-independent. This program selects rows from table lfa1 and writes out lfa1-lifnr. When this program is run, only two rows are selected: only those where mandt equals 800. This happens automatically because the first field in the table is of type CLNT. There are five rows in the table, but the program writes out only those rows where mandt equals 800. If the user were to log on to client 700 and run the same program, three rows of data would be found and written out. If the user were to log on to client 900, only one row of data would be found. The logon client mechanism divides the rows within a client-dependant table into distinct groups. To access a different set of data, the user logs on and specifies a different client number. NOTE
The user master records (containing R/3 user IDs) are client-dependent. Therefore, to gain access to a client, the security administrator must create a new user ID for you within that client.
Developers and testers use the logon client mechanism to create and access multiple, independent sets of data within a single table. For example, assume two typical, asocial programmers are working on an enhancement to the billing system. Jim is modifying the update transaction and Jane is creating a new report to go with Jim's modifications. Jane sets up data for her test run, executes her report and obtains output. Jim works in the next cubicle, but due to his antisocial tendencies is blissfully unaware that his transaction uses the same tables as Jane's report. He runs his transaction and updates the data. Jim got what he wanted, but Jane then modifies her code and runs her program again. Her output differs from the last run, and the differences many not result from her changes, but rather they may result from Jim's changes. What we have here is a failure to communicate. If the tables used by Jim and Jane's programs were client-dependent, they could each log in to separate clients, set up independent sets of data, and test their programs without ever talking to each other. They could perform all of their testing in the comfort of their cubicles and in isolation from their coworkers. To make their tables client-dependant, they only need mandt as the first field and the R/3 system will take care of the rest. When records are added to the table, the system automatically moves the current logon client into the mandt field when the record is send to the database. Their Open SQL select statements will only return rows where the client number in the table is equal to the their current logon client number. The Open SQL database statements insert, update, modify, and delete also provide automatic client handling. If the tables involved are all client-dependent, there can be more than one group of testers working at a time in one test system. Two teams of testers can test divergent functionality in the same set of programs at the same time provided they log on to different logon clients. The updates done by one team will not change the data belonging to the other team. A training client could also exist on the test system. The students could log on to one client and the testers could log on to another. Both would run the same set of programs, but the programs would access independent sets of data.NOTE
The average R/3 installation has three systems: development, test, and production. By default, each system comes with three clients installed: 000, 001, and 066. It is common to have from three to six clients in the development and test systems, but rarely will you see more than one client in production.

regards,
srinivas

*reward for useful answers*</b>

[Former Member]

Hi,

The word REAL TIME signifies that the software operates on the instant data environment and can perform all operations on the time of action. There are however 2 operations - 1) real Time 2) Batch Communication

So Real time handles data in online mode.

Thanks,

Samantak.

<b>Rewards points for useful answers.</b>

[former_member189059]

to simplify everything...

3 tier means 3 systems (mostly on 3 diff computers)

1. where you work on -> presentation server

2. where the commands are executed -> application server

3. where data is stored -> database server

[KarthikCheers]

There 1-tier,2-tier and 3-iter architecture.

Basically the three tiers are

1.Presentation Layer(UI).

2.Application Layer(Programs and Work Process).

3.Database Layer.(Datas)

1-tier->All the above three functions are performed by a single Computer.

2-tier->Presentation and Application Components in One Computer and Database Component in another one.

3-tier->Presentation in 1 System,Application in another and the Database in another one.

Hope it helps..