UI5 itself has no concept of roles or displaying UI fragements based on privileges of a user. UI5/Fiori follows the principle of role based apps, meaning that for a specific role specific apps are available. If a user acts in a specific role he can work with all the functionalities provided by the apps for which he is authorized.
Of course you could implement your own service, exposing some "privilege" information an adapt your UI on that information, but that is additional work and is more an "old" school concept which will result in monolithic apps.
Regarding your question if XSA provides something similar than the XSC application privileges. Yes: XSA uses the XSUAA service. With that you can define scopes. For details please check the documentation: Application Security Descriptor Configuration Syntax - SAP Help Portal
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