Crystal Reports .NET Viewer Error Database Logon prompting is in invalid state

I have an ASP.NET 4.5 page that renders reports using the CrystalReportViewer component. It has worked great for years but has stopped working after a web server upgrade/migration to Windows Server 2019. I have the Crystal Reports Runtime engine for .NET Framework (64-bit) installed on the server. The page sets database credentials for the report but now when the report is run in this page in the browser, the user is re-prompted for credentials. Even when correct credentials are entered, the following error is returned: Database Logon prompting is in invalid state.